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A workshop on Female leadership in mammalian and human societies: Integrating biological and social science perspectives was hosted by the Institute for Advanced Study (Wiko) in Berlin, Germany, on February 21 and 22, 2019 (Figure 1). The workshop was organized by Peter Kappeler and Claudia Fichtel (German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany), Mark van Vugt (Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) and Jennifer Smith (Mills College, Oakland, CA), who used an opportunity available to former Wiko Fellows to organize intense workshops on transdisciplinary topics. This workshop was motivated by the understanding that a broad comparative framework may offer new insights into factors shaping sex-biases in leadership across mammalian societies, including those of humans. In humans, women remain universally underrepresented in the top leadership positions in business and government …