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Background

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood-onset developmental disorder, and its persistence into adulthood ranges from 15 to 60% of cases. Common genetic variations and brain alterations are thought to be associated with the different stages of the disorder. However, the exact mechanism and the relationships between the genes, brain, and clinical phenotypes remain largely unclear. We have previously identified structural brain alterations relating to case/control differences, symptom severity, and cognitive impairments in adolescents and adults with ADHD.

Methods

To further examine how genetic factors in ADHD interact with structural brain deficits at different ages, we employed polygenic risk score analyses on the previously identified structural brain abnormalities, symptom profiles, and cognitive impairments in two different age cohorts from the NeuroIMAGE and …