- ►psu.edu [PDF] P Scores, WT Are, W They - Annals of Internal Medicine - Am Coll Physicians W hen treated patients are compared to controls, dif- fering outcomes may reflect either effects
caused by the treatment or differences in prognosis before treatment. Random assignment of
patients to treatment or control, as in a randomized, controlled clinical trial (1), ensures ... Related articles - All 5 versions
- ►oxfordjournals.org [PDF] PR Rosenbaum - Biostatistics, 2003 - Biometrika Trust S UMMARY It is often said that an important consideration in judging whether an association
between treatment and response is causal is the presence or absence of a dose–response
relationship, that is, larger ostensible treatment effects when doses of treatment are ... Cited by 9 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 5 versions
C Leow, S Marcus, E Zanutto, R Boruch - American Journal of …, 2004 - aje.sagepub.com Does taking advanced courses improve scores on basic achievement tests? This question is
difficult to answer because there are many systematic differences between students who choose
to take advanced courses and those who don't. This paper uses cutting-edge propensity ... Cited by 11 - Related articles - All 4 versions
GW Imbens - Biometrika, 2000 - Biometrika Trust S Estimation of average treatment effects in observational studies often requires adjustment
for differences in pre-treatment variables. If the number of pre-treatment variables is large, standard
covariance adjustment methods are often inadequate. Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983) ... Cited by 406 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 10 versions
PR Rosenbaum - Encyclopedia of statistics in behavioral …, 2005 - www-stat.wharton.upenn.edu In a randomized experiment (see Randomization), subjects are assigned to treatment or control
groups at random, perhaps by the flip of a coin or perhaps using random numbers generated
by a computer [7]. Random assignment is the norm in clinical trials of treatments intended ... Cited by 6 - Related articles - View as HTML
K Ming, PR Rosenbaum - Biometrics, 2000 - jstor.org SUMMARY. In observational studies that match several controls to each treated subject, substantially
greater bias reduction is possible if the number of controls is not fixed but rather is allowed to
vary from one matched set to another. In certain cases, matching with a fixed number of ... Cited by 37 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 7 versions
- ►uic.edu [PDF] I Yanovitzky, E Zanutto, R Hornik - Evaluation and program planning, 2005 - Elsevier Many evaluations of public health education campaigns attempt to draw conclusions regarding
the effect of messages on audiences' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors based on observational
data. To make causal inferences in these instances, it is necessary to adjust estimated ... Cited by 31 - Related articles - All 6 versions
[CITATION] Running head: PROPENSITY SCORE AND CAMPAIGN EVALUATION
