| Social guardianship and social isolation: An application and extension of lifestyle/routine activities theory to rural adolescents R Spano, S Nagy Rural sociology 70 (3), 414-437, 2005 | 163 | 2005 |
| An assessment of the empirical validity and conceptualization of individual level multivariate studies of lifestyle/routine activities theory published from 1995 to 2005 R Spano, JD Freilich Journal of criminal justice 37 (3), 305-314, 2009 | 128 | 2009 |
| Gang membership, gun carrying, and employment: Applying routine activities theory to explain violent victimization among inner city, minority youth living in extreme poverty∗ R Spano, JD Freilich, J Bolland Justice Quarterly 25 (2), 381-410, 2008 | 115 | 2008 |
| The impact of timing of exposure to violence on violent behavior in a high poverty sample of inner city African American youth R Spano, C Rivera, J Bolland Journal of youth and adolescence 35, 681-692, 2006 | 104 | 2006 |
| Disentangling the effects of violent victimization, violent behavior, and gun carrying for minority inner-city youth living in extreme poverty R Spano, J Bolland Crime & Delinquency 59 (2), 191-213, 2013 | 101 | 2013 |
| Does parenting mediate the effects of exposure to violence on violent behavior? An ecological–transactional model of community violence R Spano, AT Vazsonyi, J Bolland Journal of adolescence 32 (5), 1321-1341, 2009 | 101 | 2009 |
| Potential sources of observer bias in police observational data R Spano Social science research 34 (3), 591-617, 2005 | 97 | 2005 |
| Specifying the role of exposure to violence and violent behavior on initiation of gun carrying: A longitudinal test of three models of youth gun carrying R Spano, WA Pridemore, J Bolland Journal of interpersonal violence 27 (1), 158-176, 2012 | 94 | 2012 |
| Are chronic exposure to violence and chronic violent behavior closely related developmental processes during adolescence? R Spano, C Rivera, JM Bolland Criminal Justice and Behavior 37 (10), 1160-1179, 2010 | 90 | 2010 |
| Observer behavior as a potential source of reactivity: Describing and quantifying observer effects in a large-scale observational study of police R Spano Sociological Methods & Research 34 (4), 521-553, 2006 | 73 | 2006 |
| First time gun carrying and the primary prevention of youth gun violence for African American youth living in extreme poverty R Spano Aggression and Violent Behavior 17 (1), 83-88, 2012 | 48 | 2012 |
| Does parenting shield youth from exposure to violence during adolescence? A 5-year longitudinal test in a high-poverty sample of minority youth R Spano, C Rivera, JM Bolland Journal of interpersonal violence 26 (5), 930-949, 2011 | 44 | 2011 |
| Is the nexus of gang membership, exposure to violence, and violent behavior a key determinant of first time gun carrying for urban minority youth? R Spano, JM Bolland Justice Quarterly 28 (6), 838-862, 2011 | 38 | 2011 |
| Concerns about safety, observer sex, and the decision to arrest: evidence of reactivity in a large‐scale observational study of police R Spano Criminology 41 (3), 909-932, 2003 | 38 | 2003 |
| How does reactivity affect police behavior? Describing and quantifying the impact of reactivity as behavioral change in a large-scale observational study of police R Spano Journal of Criminal Justice 35 (4), 453-465, 2007 | 34 | 2007 |
| Specifying the interrelationship between exposure to violence and parental monitoring for younger versus older adolescents: A five year longitudinal test R Spano, C Rivera, AT Vazsonyi, JM Bolland American Journal of Community Psychology 49, 127-141, 2012 | 30 | 2012 |
| The impact of exposure to violence on a trajectory of (declining) parental monitoring: A partial test of the ecological—transactional model of community violence R Spano, C Rivera, AT Vazsonyi, JM Bolland Criminal Justice and Behavior 35 (11), 1411-1428, 2008 | 30 | 2008 |
| Bolstering gun injury surveillance accuracy using capture–recapture methods LA Post, Z Balsen, R Spano, FE Vaca Journal of behavioral medicine 42, 674-680, 2019 | 17 | 2019 |
| We are family: Specifying the unique contribution of abuse and neglect of siblings on the prevalence, severity, and chronicity of maltreatment in the household R Spano Journal of interpersonal violence 33 (15), 2420-2438, 2018 | 14 | 2018 |
| “Drop the clipboard and help me!”: The determinants of observer behavior in police encounters with suspects R Spano, MD Reisig Journal of criminal justice 34 (6), 619-629, 2006 | 9 | 2006 |
Craig RiveraProfessor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Niagara UniversityVerified email at niagara.edu
