The IMF Working Papers series is designed to make IMF staff research available to a wide
audience. Almost 300 Working Papers are released each year, covering a wide range of …

This paper examines past African growth experience and attempts to simulate future ones.
In addition to more commonly used determinants of total factor productivity, a measure of the …

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is making significant strides on both the political and
economic fronts to extricate itself from one of the bloodiest wars in African history. This …

This paper proposes a general framework for monitoring macro-critical energy sectors in low-income
countries, defined as consisting of the three subsectors of crude oil and natural gas …

… Toyidi Belo of the ENSEA for tireless support; Arend Kouwenaar for inspiring this project;
Doris Ross, Norbert Funke, and the entire IMF Côte d’Ivoire team for their comments and …

The severity of economic problems forced the Zimbabwe Government to embrace, albeit
grudgingly, economic reforms in 1991. The inability of administrative controls and financial …

… * Many thanks are due to Arend Kouwenaar and Steven Kenning for helpful comments on
a previous draft, to Adri Louter for invaluable computer assistance and to Edgar de Labastida …

This paper examines the economic implications of fiscal policy coordination in the West African
Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) in the light of the January 1994 devaluation of …

… I am also very much indebted to Mr. Harold Gabriel van der Linden for his patient and helpful
… Arend Kouwenaar for fruitful discussions and suggestions on theoretical and econometric …

This paper evaluates the open regionalism approach using the case of Ecuador? s trade
liberalization and integration to the Andean Community. In the open regionalism view, regional …