… Collectively, these simulations imply that changes in Indian Ocean SSTs or the Indian
Ocean SST gradient—and not the Pacific SST … , such multidecadal modulations of SSTs and
East African climate can occur as part of natural, unforced climate variability, leaving open the …

… This review focusses on the role of SST variation around the Indian Ocean and associated
impacts and feedback on East African climates, particularly in montane areas of Kenya and
Tanzania. The region encompasses one of the world's top biodiversity hotspots at a range of …

… (SST) gradient in the western Pacific, we show that the two dominant modes of East African …
ern Pacific SST arises due to anthropogenic warming, so that (ii) decadal variability of East
African … 3.3 we show that the WPG and CIO indices can be useful large-scale climate indicators …

… Climate variability in the western Indian Ocean–coastal East Africa region reflects the
influence of seasonally changing SST, currents, and … Because the 1976 shift may be related
to anthropogenic greenhouse forcing of climate (14), analysis of this shift may not illuminate the …

… Africa and southern India, leading to severe impacts on societies and ecosystems 1,2,13,14,15
. Since the discovery of the zonal IOD pattern 1,2 , fundamental questions about its independence
from the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), its natural … history of SST and rainfall …

… simulations link anthropogenic greenhouse and aerosol emissions with rapidly increasing
Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). … This is important because we believe trends
in precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean should impact trends in east African long rains. …

… Rainfall is based on the monthly, gridded Climate Research Unit data. (right) The spatial …
time series and global SSTs for (top right) the JAS northern African rainy season and (…
Atmospheric GCM simulated African rainfall responses (mm) to a specified +1C Indian Ocean sea …

… Natural modes of variability centred in the tropics, such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation …
20 and exacerbate malaria outbreaks in east Africa 21 . These severe impacts raise the …
Specifically, anomalous zonal SST gradients within the tropical Indian Ocean are accompanied by …

… Indian Ocean (TIO) has displayed a steady increase in sea surface temperature (SST) since
the 1950s, with the trend in basin‐mean SST … Figure 1a shows the observed trend
normalized by the standard deviation of detrended SST variability. By this signal‐to‐noise ratio …

… part of a natural cycle that will soon rebound because climate models characterize Indian
Ocean warming as a principal signature of greenhouse-gas induced climate … ; Hagos and Cook
2008; Williams and Funk 2011), we investigated whether trends in Indian Ocean SSTs have …