… of sea ice thickness in the Arctic comes mainly from the results of upward sonar profiling by
submarines. Data have been collected by US … However, comparing our present results with
those reported by Wadhams [1990], we speculate that a substantial part of the thinning that …

… studies, and is important for work on the role of ice in climate change. This is now especially
important since the availability of military submarines for Arctic under‐ice research has
diminished, while new satellite altimetry methods require validation by high‐resolution ice draft …

… ice shelves to a small number of drillholes. Studies of sea-ice underwater morphology are
limited largely to scientific utilization of submarines… Remotely operated vehicles, tethered to
a mother ship by umbilical cable, have been deployed to investigate tidewater-glacier and ice-…

… IN May 1987 a British submarine carried out an ice profiling experiment in the Arctic Ocean
in which the route closely approximated that of an earlier voyage in October 1976. Over a
zone extending more than 400 km to the north of Greenland there is evidence of a significant …

… [32] The ability of submarines to obtain probability density functions of ice thickness (as
well as ridge shapes) over long distances makes it essential that submarine and/or long‐range
AUV missions should continue through this critical period when we see Arctic sea ice …

… occurring to Arctic sea ice thickness and extent, the reasons for them, and the methods being
used to monitor the changing ice thickness. … Submarine sonar gives us the ability to obtain
synoptic data on ice draft and under-ice topography in a rapid and accurate fashion, and most …

… beneath Fimbul Ice Shelf of an autonomous underwater vehicle. The data reveal a spatially
complex oceanographic environment, an ice base … In polar regions the salinity is the dominant
control on water density; the water closer to the ice shelf base is freshened and, largely …

… According to present thermodynamic theories of ice growth in Arctic Ocean, we cannot.
The estimates of Thorndike and others (1975), based partly on the theory of Maykut and
Untersteiner (1971) and partly on empirical results and observations of thin …

… N, 0208'W on 15 October at 15:45GMT while the submarine was surfaced in an open icefield.
The uppermost 15 m of the … submarine. The position is close to that of the sound velocity
profile shown in Fig. 6, and it is clear that the submarine is within the Polar Water, with the Polar …

… The sidescan sonar shows mainly heavily deformed multiyear ice; we have already found
(Wadhams 1988)that undeformed multiyear ice has a unique bottom topography of bulges or
blisters which enable this ice type to be distinguished from smooth undeformed first-year ice. …