Tramadol hydrochloride produced dose-related antinociception in mouse abdominal
constriction [ED50= 1.9 (1.2-2.6) mg/kg ip], hot-plate [48 degrees C, ED50= 21.4 (18.4-25.3)
mg/kg sc; 55 degrees C, ED50= 33.1 (28.2-39.1) mg/kg sc] and tail-flick [ED50= 22.8 (19.2 …

▪ Abstract Summary of consensus: 1. The use of opioids in cancer pain: The criteria for
selecting analgesics for pain treatment in the elderly include, but are not limited to, overall
efficacy, overall side‐effect profile, onset of action, drug interactions, abuse potential, and …

The explanation for the co-existence of opioid and nonopioid components of tramadol-
induced antinociception appears to be related to the different, but complementary and
interactive, pharmacologies of its enantiomers. The (+) enantiomer had Ki values of only …

Insulin receptors are known to be located on nerve cells in mammalian brain. The binding of
insulin to dimerized receptors stimulates specialized transporter proteins that mediate the
facilitated influx of glucose. However, neurons possess other mechanisms by which they …

Topiramate [TPM, 2, 3: 4, 5‐his‐O‐(1‐methyl‐ethylidene)‐β‐D‐fructopyranose
sulfamate](RWJ‐17021‐000, formerly McN‐4853) is a structurally novel antiepileptic drug
(AED). The preclinical anticonvulsant profile suggests that TPM acts primarily by blocking …

No single analgesic agent is perfect and no single analgesic can treat all types of pain. Yet
each agent has distinct advantages and disadvantages compared to the others. Hence,
clinical outcomes might be improved under certain conditions with the use of a combination …

Although it is well established that the analgesic effects of morphine are mediated by opioid
receptors, previous studies have shown that some opioids additionally inhibit the uptake of
serotonin and norepinephrine. The present investigation of a diverse group of opioids …

Despite the increasing clinical use of transdermal buprenorphine, questions have persisted
about the possibility of a ceiling effect for analgesia, its combination with other μ‐opioid
agonists, and the reversibility of side effects. In October 2008, a consensus group of experts …

Epidemiological and basic science evidence suggest a possible shared pathophysiology
between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has even been
hypothesized that AD might be 'type 3 diabetes'. The present review summarizes some of …

First purified 11 years ago from clam ganglia, FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH 2) was
quickly demonstrated to be cardioactive in several molluscan species. Subsequent
discovery that FMRFamide, or FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs), were present in …