… [35] Submarines have traversed the Arctic regularly since 1958 measuring … sea ice data
available to us, and not just sea ice data alone. Sea ice models typically use only a few sea ice …

… We focus here on a comparison with submarine data which was analyzed similarly to
Rothrock et al. (2008), by averaging the ice thickness for each straight segment of the cruise (…

… its ice thickness output to actual sea ice thickness data gathered during the last … submarines
between 1979 and 2000. Our model indicates an accelerated thinning trend in Arctic sea ice …

… from icebreaker expeditions and submarine data collected during the 1990s. … SST/sea ice
data sets are discussed. Figure 1 shows the differences in SST, sea ice fraction, and sea ice …

In multicategory sea ice models the compressive strength of the ice pack is often assumed …
In high‐resolution (∼10 km) sea ice models with a typical time step (∼1 hour), abrupt …

… Finally, sea ice thickness data are available from submarines, ice drifting stations and
upward looking sonars (ULS) since the 1950s but they are spatially and temporally limited (eg, …

… historical representation of sea ice extent, volume… sea ice trends remarkably well. However,
individual models experience a wide range of uncertainty in the spatial distribution of sea ice …

… Arctic sea ice and the need for a hierarchical modeling approach to advance simulations
of future Arctic sea ice. Section 2 gives an overview of the declining trend of the Arctic sea ice …

… Improvements are particularly noticeable for ice thickness, salinity in the Arctic, and temperature
in the Fram Strait, but not for transport estimates or underwater temperature. At the same …

… -wide high-resolution Arctic sea ice and ocean models to simulate these mesoscale features.
In this paper we describe results from a high-resolution sea ice model forced from above by …