Background Over the last two winters, there have been large-scale, unexplained losses of
managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in the United States. In the absence of a
known cause, this syndrome was named Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) because the …

Although most of humanity relies upon foods that do not require animal pollination [1],
production of 39 of the world's 57 most important monoculture crops still benefits from this
ecosystem service [2]. Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) are undoubtedly the singlemost …

The beekeeping industry in the United States has faced a number of obstacles to healthy
bee management in recent decades. These obstacles range from arthropod pests such as
the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi), Varroa destructor mites, and small hive beetles (Aethina …

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a condition of honey bees, which has contributed in part
to the recent major losses of honey bee colonies in the USA. Here we report the first CCD
case from outside of the USA. We suggest that more standardization is needed for the case …

Abstract 2 “Colony Collapse Disorder”(CCD) is a new tag name presently being given to a
condition that is characterized by an unexplained rapid loss of a colony's adult population.
Collapsed colonies have no or very few bees remaining, either in the dead hive or in the …

In colony collapse disorder (CCD), honey bee colonies inexplicably lose their workers. CCD
has resulted in a loss of 50 to 90% of colonies in beekeeping operations across the United
States. The observation that irradiated combs from affected colonies can be repopulated …

Starting in late 2006, commercial migratory beekeepers along the East Coast of the United
States began reporting sharp declines in their honey bee colonies. Because of the severity
and unusual circumstances of these colony declines, scientists named this phenomenon …

The concern of persistent loss of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies worldwide since
2006, a phenomenon referred to as colony collapse disorder (CCD), has led us to
investigate the role of imidacloprid, one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, in the emergence …

Colony collapse disorder (CCD), a syndrome whose defining trait is the rapid loss of adult
worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L., is thought to be responsible for a minority of the large
overwintering losses experienced by US beekeepers since the winter 2006-2007. Using the …

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a mysterious disappearance of honey bees that has
beset beekeepers in the United States since late 2006. Pathogens and other environmental
stresses, including pesticides, have been linked to CCD, but a causal relationship has not …