With the flourishing of information technology in the last 50 years, electronic communication
has become a significant part of our daily lives. As electronic language is written text, it is
divorced from gestures, facial expressions, and prosodic features such as intonation, rhythm …

… 99%). Emoticons appeared in midphrase in only 7 (1%) of 836 cases. Twenty-four
naked emoticons, some multiple, that occurred in 13 statements were excluded
from the analysis because they lacked linguistic context. The …

… Of course, since Twitter has a restric- tion on the number of characters, in some sense all linguistic
features compete … for the decrease in emoticon characters — rather, it seems more likely that emojis
are re- placing emoticons in fulfilling the same paralinguistic func- tions …

… Due to the reliance on the speech/writing dichotomy, scholarship has been quick to label anything
other than familiar forms of print-linguistic text as additive or “paralinguistic,” thereby limiting the
understanding of emoticons while not fully accounting for all their potential uses in …

… For example, the significance of emoticons in Walther and D'Addario is presumed to be
affective—either positively or negatively—and so the hypotheses of the study were formulated
to find out how the affective value of emoticons combines with the linguistic messages to which …

… The study was designed to investigate linguistic properties in the main three types of … emoticons
are, for the most part, conventionalized attributes as well as paralinguistic elements of … They also
stated that ever since emoticons are recognized as important semiotic units within a …

… of emoticons in Walther and D'Addario (2001) is presumed to be affective—either positively or
negatively so—and the hypotheses of the study were formulated to find out how the affective
value of emoticons combines with the linguistic messages to which they are attached …

… In this scenario, people use emoticons as paralinguistic cues to convey emotional
meaning. Research has shown that emoticons contribute to a greater social presence
as a result of the enrichment of text-based communication channels …

… serve as nonverbal surrogates, suggestive of facial expression, they may add a paralinguistic
component to … The fact that emoticons are used, implies that individuals at least feel the need … the
limited bandwidth of CMC forces social information into a single linguistic channel that …

… These blogs and their comments were then examined for non-verbal forms of paralinguistic
communication. Emoticons were divided into two categories when the data were collected and
analyzed, character based as in :-) or ^_^; and graphical emotions such as …