The second law of thermodynamics is almost unique in nineteenth century physics in that it
survived the revolutions of relativity and quantum mechanics unscathed. Yet its origins are
sufficiently subtle as to be debated to the present day by physicists and philosophers. In a …

This book provides an introduction to the main ideas and techniques of the field of quantum
computation and quantum information. The rapid rate of progress in this field and its cross-
disciplinary nature have made it difficult for newcomers to obtain a broad overview of the …

Page 1. Quantum Computation Michael A. Nielsen University of Queensland Goals: 1. To explain
the quantum circuit model of computation. 2. To explain Deutsch's algorithm. 3. To explain an
alternate model of quantum computation based upon measurement. Page 2. What does it mean …

The number of steps any classical computer requires in order to find the prime factors of an l-
digit integer N increases exponentially with l, at least using algorithms known at present 1.
Factoring large integers is therefore conjectured to be intractable classically, an observation …

… Kitaev, AY Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction. Russ. Math. Surv. 52,
1191–1249 (1997). 18. Nielsen, MA & Chuang, IL Quantum Computation and Quantum
Information Appendix 3 (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2000). 19 …

What resources are universal for quantum computation? In the standard model of a quantum
computer, a computation consists of a sequence of unitary gates acting coherently on the
qubits making up the computer. This requirement for coherent unitary dynamical operations …

We describe a generalization of the cluster-state model of quantum computation to
continuous-variable systems, along with a proposal for an optical implementation using
squeezed-light sources, linear optics, and homodyne detection. For universal quantum …

… Quantum computations (regardless of physical realization) are typically formulated using the
quantum circuit model (eg … in time from left to right, subjected to a sequence of quantum logic gates …
1). In 2001 a remarkable alternative was proposed in which the computation starts with …