Faced with growing policy complexity and environmental uncertainty, policymakers are
increasingly concerned with ensuring that policy processes retain functionality amidst shock
and uncertainty. In this paper, we seek to address the ways in which robustness–or the
capability of policies to maintain functionality and effectiveness in policy goal attainment–
can be designed into policies, institutions or systems. We suggest that robust policy designs
can be characterized by diversity, modularity and redundancy, whereas robust policy design …