Hepatolithiasis, or the presence of intrahepatic stones, is prevalent in East Asia and is
characterized by the finding of stones within the intrahepatic bile ducts proximal to the
confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. Bile stasis and bacterial infection have been
incriminated as the major aetiopathogenic factors. Clinical features include recurrent
pyogenic cholangitis, multiple liver abscesses, secondary biliary cirrhosis and
cholangiocarcinoma. The goals of management include accurate localization of pathologies …