Parenteral nutrition-associated metabolic bone disease in children is manifested primarily
as osteopenia and, on occasion, fractures. The etiology is likely multifactorial, with calcium
and phosphate deficiency playing a major role in the preterm infant and with the role of
aluminum toxicity yet to be clearly defined in this population. Lack of normal values of bone
histomorphometry in the premature infant as well as lack of normal data for biochemical
markers of bone turnover in these patients contribute to the uncertainty. Other factors that …