Historically, pet dogs were trained using mainly negative reinforcement or punishment, but
positive reinforcement using rewards has recently become more popular. The methods used
may have different impacts on the dogs' welfare. We distributed a questionnaire to 364 dog
owners in order to examine the relative effectiveness of different training methods and their
effects upon a pet dog's behaviour. When asked how they trained their dog on seven basic
tasks, 66% reported using vocal punishment, 12% used physical punishment, 60% praise …