Experiences with the Dutch Second Transport Structure Plan are presented, the strategy is introduced, the general objectives are reviewed, and habitat fragmentation caused by roads is treated as a special case. The general effects of habitat fragmentation on sensitive species and ecosystems will be addressed, and the ecological effects of roads and traffic will be discussed in more detail. Bottlenecks between the existing and planned roads and the National Ecological Network in the Netherlands are analyzed. Finally, examples of mitigation and compensation are given that show how to solve the conflict between planning and building roads and the fragmentation of nature and landscapes caused by roads by various means of ecological engineering.