Field testing and analyses of two culverts at Cross Canyon are described: a 96-in.
prestressed-concrete functioning culvert under 200 ft of overfill and an 84-in. reinforced-
concrete dummy culvert under a maximum 183-ft overfill in the same embankment. Eight
instrumented and two noninstrumented zones in the dummy pipe and functional and
unstressed control instrumented zones of the prestressed pipe were monitored during and
after embankment construction to determine peripheral soil stresses, internal forces, and …

Strains measured by SR-4 gauges and mini-Carlson strainmeters are plotted on cross-
sections of the wall of a 96-in.(2438-mm), prestressed concrete pipe at Cross Canyon for
incremental overfills up to 200 ft (61m). The strain cross-sections are fitted with regression
parabolae (because of the large radius-to-wall thickness ratio, 2: 1), ignoring an
unrepresentative brush coat strain. Equations are developed for experimental moments and
thrusts in the pipe wall. The Introduction, Historical Background, Project Description and …

A grossly underdesigned, 84-in.(213-cm) reinforced concrete, dummy culvert was placed in
the same highway embankment with a functional, 96-in.(244-cm), prestressed concrete pipe.
Maximum overfills were 183 ft (56 M) and 200 ft (61 m), respectively. Backfill parameters
were varied in ten zones of the dummy pipe. Eight zones in the R/C pipe and one in the P/C
pipe were instrumented with soil stress-meters, strain gauges and displacement-measuring
devices. An unloaded segment of the P/C pipe was also instrumented as a control segment …

A 96-in.-(2,438-mm) diameter, prestressed concrete pipe with 23.5-in.(596-mm) thick walls
embedded under a 200-ft (61-m) highway embankment, was instrumented and tested under
the load of the overburden. An essentially unloaded control segment was also instrumented
and subjected to a similar environment. Equations were developed and a computerized
neutral point program was written to assess prestressed pipe behavior, and quasi-
theoretical and observed parameters were compared after prototype strains had been …

A neutral point (elastic center) approach is used to develop a coded algorithm for the
analysis of a rigid pipe embedded in a deep highway embankment. The code was used to
develop plots of wall bending moments and thrusts, stresses in the reinforcing bars and
concrete and wall displacements resulting from the applications of soil stresses in the
embankment. Quasi-theoretical wall displacements and strains commensurate with these
parameters have been compared (in other sections of this project report) with measured …

Structural behavior of the reinforced concrete pipe culvert at Cross Canyon is evaluated on
the basis of chronological observations of distress. Cracking patterns at successive overfills
were recorded by mapping (sketching) and photographically, and diameter changes were
assessed from extensometer readings. Records of significant crack widths were tabulated
and are discussed in project diaries. These data are compiled in this section of the project
report. The behavior of the various zones comprising the pipe is compared by ranking the …

Soil stresses due to embankment loads were measured at 10 locations about the outer
periphery of the Cross Canyon, reinforced concrete culvert, in eight separate zones,
subjected to varying backfill conditions. Two or three meters were placed at each location
where a soil stress was to be measured to improve the accuracy of measurements. In three
zones (4, 6 and 10), one of these meters was of special design to permit assessment of
tangential tractions. Stressmeter readings were not, in general, indicative of pipe static …

An 84-in.(2134-mm), reinforced concrete pipe culvert at Cross Canyon was heavily
instrumented and tested at varying overfills ultimately reaching 180 ft (55 m).
Quasitheoretical internal stresses derived from measured soil stresses and a computerized
neutral point analysis were compared with measured values. In this volume, four modes of
failure described by Heger (28) are discussed and correlated with Cross Canyon results.
Effective density coefficients are suggested for possible use in concrete pipe design. The …