A method of stabilizing loose-sand road surfaces with paper mill sludge in aggregate-deficient areas has been developed. Select roads in the Chequamegon National Forest have been treated with paper mill sludge from the James River Corporation (formerly American Can Company) since 1977. These roads were constructed in vast areas of glacial outwash sands that consisted mostly of one-sized particles. Aggregate is greatly needed in these large areas and must be imported at a high cost. The sludge is a waste product of a paper recycling process, is available free of charge, and is an effective stabilizing agent. The clays and wood fibers in the sludge give the sand cohesive properties and fill the voids that result from the sand's uniform gradation. The characteristics of the sand-sludge mixture, its application and incorporation, the performance of roads treated, and its use in conjunction with gravel are discussed in this paper. When the sludge is mixed with sand, it forms a stable all-weather road, reduces substantial erosion problems, and lessens the amount of sludge that needs to be landfilled.